The "Seventy Weeks" of Dan. 9:24-27.

THE "SEVENTY WEEKS" OF DAN. 9:24-27. Appendix 91 To The Companion Bible.
For the meaning of this passage, reference must be made to the notes, and especially to the Structures, which are always the best commentary and the surest guide to interpretation. We may set out the three divisions of the whole period on the diagram (not exact to scale):—
		I. THE FIRST PERIOD is simple, being the "seven sevens", or 49 years. II. THE SECOND PERIOD. The "threescore and two sevens", or 434 years, from 405 B.C. to A.D. 29 = the year of the "cutting off" of Messiah (see Appendix 50 pages 60, 61 in The Companion Bible). This was 483 years from the issuing of the decree in 454 B.C. (that is, 49 + 434 = 483 years). The "cutting off" of Messiah is stated as being "after" the "threescore and two weeks". The word "after", here, evidently means, and is intended to be understood as indicating, the completion of the period named; that is to say, on the expiration of the sixty-two sevens will "Messiah be cut off". Beyond this exactness it is hardly necessary for us to go. III. THE THIRD PERIOD. This is the one seven, that is to say, the seventieth (or "last"), seven which has still to be accounted for. That it must be yet future seems certain, from the agreement of its events with those of the visions of chapters 7—12 (Appendix 89), and the numbered "days" of chapters 8:14 and 12:7, 11, 12 (Appendix 90); also from the fact that none of the six definite events (of 9:24), which mark its end has as yet taken place.¹ These belong to the whole seventy sevens, and are thus connected with the seventieth or last seven, being the object and end of the whole prophecy. The following three, among other reasons, may be added:— 1. If the seventieth, or "one seven", is to be reckoned from the cutting off of Messiah in direct, continuous, and historic sequence, then it leads us nowhere—certainly not to any of the six events of verse 24, which are all categorically stated to relate to Daniel's People, "all Israel" (verse 7), and to the holy City "Jerusalem". No interpretation which transfers these six events to Gentiles or to Gentile times, is admissible. If they are continuous, then there is no point or crisis in the Acts of the Apostles which marks their end. If they coincided with any events of importance, such as the end of Peter's ministry or the beginning of that of Paul, or Acts 12 and 13, that would be something. But there is nothing. 2. Messiah was to "have nothing" that was His, "after" His cutting off. This clearly points to the crucifixion of Messiah, and the rejection of His Messianic kingdom. For nearly 2,000 years Messiah has "had nothing" of all the many "glorious things" which have been spoken of Him, in connection with Himself or with His People Israel.

I. THE FIRST PERIOD is simple, being the "seven sevens", or 49 years.

II. THE SECOND PERIOD. The "threescore and two sevens", or 434 years, from 405 B.C. to A.D. 29 = the year of the "cutting off" of Messiah (see Appendix 50 pages 60, 61 in The Companion Bible). This was 483 years from the issuing of the decree in 454 B.C. (that is, 49 + 434 = 483 years).
The "cutting off" of Messiah is stated as being "after" the "threescore and two weeks". The word "after", here, evidently means, and is intended to be understood as indicating, the completion of the period named; that is to say, on the expiration of the sixty-two sevens will "Messiah be cut off". Beyond this exactness it is hardly necessary for us to go.

III. THE THIRD PERIOD. This is the one seven, that is to say, the seventieth (or "last"), seven which has still to be accounted for.
That it must be yet future seems certain, from the agreement of its events with those of the visions of chapters 7—12 (Appendix 89), and the numbered "days" of chapters 8:14 and 12:7, 11, 12 (Appendix 90); also from the fact that none of the six definite events (of 9:24), which mark its end has as yet taken place.¹ These belong to the whole seventy sevens, and are thus connected with the seventieth or last seven, being the object and end of the whole prophecy. The following three, among other reasons, may be added:—

  1. If the seventieth, or "one seven", is to be reckoned from the cutting off of Messiah in direct, continuous, and historic sequence, then it leads us nowhere—certainly not to any of the six events of verse 24, which are all categorically stated to relate to Daniel's People, "all Israel" (verse 7), and to the holy City "Jerusalem".
  No interpretation which transfers these six events to Gentiles or to Gentile times, is admissible.
  If they are continuous, then there is no point or crisis in the Acts of the Apostles which marks their end. If they coincided with any events of importance, such as the end of Peter's ministry or the beginning of that of Paul, or Acts 12 and 13, that would be something. But there is nothing.

2. Messiah was to "have nothing" that was His, "after" His cutting off. This clearly points to the crucifixion of Messiah, and the rejection of His Messianic kingdom. For nearly 2,000 years Messiah has "had nothing" of all the many "glorious things" which have been spoken of Him, in connection with Himself or with His People Israel.

  3. This last, or "one seven" of years, is divided into two distinct equal parts (see Appendix 90), and the division takes place in connection with an event which has no connection whatever with any event which has yet taken place. Messiah did not "make a (not the) covenant" of any kind, either with Israel or with any one else, at the end of, or "after" the sixty-ninth week; nor did He "break" any covenant three and a half years later. Man may "make" and "break" covenants, but Divine Covenants are never broken.
  On the other hand: of "the prince that shall come" it is distinctly stated that he shall do both these very things (verses 26, 27); and, in Appendix 89 and Appendix 90 both are connected with "the time of the end".
  Hence, we are forced to the conclusion that this last seven of years still awaits its fulfillment; and this fulfillment must be as literal and complete as that of all the other parts of this vision and prophecy; for the end must be the glorious consummation for Israel of verse 24, the complete destruction of "the coming prince" (the false Messiah or Antichrist), and the setting up of the Messiah's kingdom.
  Nothing less will satisfy all the requirements of Daniel's vision of "the seventy weeks".
  The Hebrew word rendered "week" is shabua', and means, simply, a "septad", a "hebdomad", or a seven, hence a week, because it is a seven (of days). But in this passage it is confessedly used of a seven of years; and this of necessity, for no other seven of any other portion of time will satisfy the prophecy and fall within its terminus a quo, and the terminus ad quem.
  Seventy of these sevens of years (or 490 years) are the one subject of this prophecy. We are told exactly when they would commence, and how they were to end. They sum up, within their bounds, all the then counsels of God as to His future dealings with His People Israel; for they are "determined" (the angel said to Daniel) "upon thy People, and upon thy Holy City" (verse 24). These words cannot have any other interpretation than "all Israel" (verse 7), and Jerusalem, and the Holy Sanctuary; for that had been the subject of Daniel's prayer, to which this prophecy was sent as the specific answer. (See verses 2, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, and especially verse 24.)

These "seventy sevens [of years]" are divided into three distinct and separate periods:—

As to the whole period, Daniel is bidden by the angelic Hierophant to "understand . . . and consider" (verse 23); while, as to its three separate divisions, Daniel is to "know therefore and understand" (verse 25). See the Structures of these passages, pages 1196, 1198, 1199 in The Companion Bible.

  THE FIRST PERIOD. The seven sevens (or 49 years). These commence with "the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem".
  This was in the first month, Nisan, 454 B.C. (see Appendix 50, pages 60, 67, and 70 in The Companion Bible). Hanani's report to Nehemiah was made in the ninth month Chisleu, in 455 B.C., three months before; both months being in the "twentieth year of Artaxerxes". See notes on Nehemiah 1:1 and 2:1; also on pages 615-18; and Appendix 57.
  The ARTAXERXES (or Great King) of Nehemiah 1:1; 2:1, who issues this decree, is identified with the great king ASTYAGES. (See Appendix 57.)
  ASTYAGES was brother-in-law to Nebuchadnezzar. The madness of the latter had at this time lasted for seven years. ASTYAGES had evidently in imperial matters been acting for his brother-in-law. This seems to be clear from the fact that the decree was issued in Shushan, and not Babylon; and no one, however great a potentate he might be, would have dared to issue such a decree, connected with the affairs of the suzerainty of Babylon, unless he possessed the authority to do so.
  Therefore it may be put thus: In Nisan, 454 B.C., ASTYAGES (that is to say, Artaxerxes = the Great King) issued the decree spoken of in Daniel 9:25. Later, in the same year, Nebuchadnezzar's "madness" was lifted off him. "At the end of the days" his understanding and reason returned unto him, it seems, as suddenly as they had left him; and he thereupon issued his imperial proclamation throughout his dominions, as recorded in Daniel 4:34-37. See the note there on verse 34.
  The seven sevens therefore, meaning seven sevens of literal years, occupied 49 years (454 B.C. to 405 B.C. = 49 years). They began in 454 B.C. with the decree, and end with the completion of the walls and the dedication of the Temple in 405 B.C. See Ezra 6:10, 15-19.
  It must be remembered that the issuing of this decree took place long before Ezra appeared on the scene; and before any of the subsequent decrees of other monarchs, which all had to do with the Temple; whereas the first, issued to Nehemiah (2:1), had to do only with the "City" and its "walls". See the notes on Ezra-Nehemiah, and Appendix 58.³

THE SECOND PERIOD. The sixty-two sevens (or 434 years). These follow on directly from the end of the seven sevens of the First Period, and close with the cutting off of the Messiah.

THE THIRD PERIOD. The last, or the seventieth seven. This period is yet future, and awaits the same literal fulfillment as the other two periods.

  ¹ Archbishop Ussher's Chronology was first added to the Authorized Version by Bishop Lloyd in the edition of 1701. But, in Nehemiah 2:1, Bishop Lloyd put his own date "445 B.C.", to suit his own theory. Archbishop Ussher's date for the commencement of the reign of Artaxerxes was A.M. 3531, which, in his Collatio Annorum, corresponds to 474 B.C. "The twentieth year of Artaxerxes" would, therefore, be 454 B.C., as given above.
  ² The era called "Anno Domini" was first fixed by a monk (Denys le Petit, commonly known by his Latin name, Dionysius Exiguus), about A.D. 532. It did not come into general use for some centuries. Charles III of Germany was the first who used the expression, "in the year of our Lord", in 879. It was found afterward that a mistake had been made by fixing the era four years too late! This explains the marginal notes in Matthew 2:1 and Luke 2:20, "The fourth year before the Common Account called Anno Domini." (In some editions of the Authorized Version we have seen "the fifth year", Luke 2:1, also "the sixth year", Luke 1:6.) Hence, the year called A.D. 33 was really the year A.D. 29. This, with 454, makes exactly 483 years, or 69 weeks of years.
  ³ N.B. There was a further division of this first period of seven sevens which may be mentioned. From the decree of Nehemiah 2:1 to the end of the Babylonian servitude (see notes on page 615 in The Companion Bible), which was the "first year of DARIUS" (= CYRUS, see Appendix 57) the son of ASTYAGES, was 28 years (454 − 426 = 28); and those events closed the fourth of the seven sevens. See Appendix 50, page 60 in The Companion Bible.

3. This last, or "one seven" of years, is divided into two distinct equal parts (see Appendix 90), and the division takes place in connection with an event which has no connection whatever with any event which has yet taken place. Messiah did not "make a (not the) covenant" of any kind, either with Israel or with any one else, at the end of, or "after" the sixty-ninth week; nor did He "break" any covenant three and a half years later. Man may "make" and "break" covenants, but Divine Covenants are never broken. On the other hand: of "the prince that shall come" it is distinctly stated that he shall do both these very things (verses 26, 27); and, in Appendix 89 and Appendix 90 both are connected with "the time of the end". Hence, we are forced to the conclusion that this last seven of years still awaits its fulfillment; and this fulfillment must be as literal and complete as that of all the other parts of this vision and prophecy; for the end must be the glorious consummation for Israel of verse 24, the complete destruction of "the coming prince" (the false Messiah or Antichrist), and the setting up of the Messiah's kingdom. Nothing less will satisfy all the requirements of Daniel's vision of "the seventy weeks". The Hebrew word rendered "week" is shabua', and means, simply, a "septad", a "hebdomad", or a seven, hence a week, because it is a seven (of days). But in this passage it is confessedly used of a seven of years; and this of necessity, for no other seven of any other portion of time will satisfy the prophecy and fall within its terminus a quo, and the terminus ad quem. Seventy of these sevens of years (or 490 years) are the one subject of this prophecy. We are told exactly when they would commence, and how they were to end. They sum up, within their bounds, all the then counsels of God as to His future dealings with His People Israel; for they are "determined" (the angel said to Daniel) "upon thy People, and upon thy Holy City" (verse 24). These words cannot have any other interpretation than "all Israel" (verse 7), and Jerusalem, and the Holy Sanctuary; for that had been the subject of Daniel's prayer, to which this prophecy was sent as the specific answer. (See verses 2, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, and especially verse 24.) These "seventy sevens [of years]" are divided into three distinct and separate periods:—				As to the whole period, Daniel is bidden by the angelic Hierophant to "understand . . . and consider" (verse 23); while, as to its three separate divisions, Daniel is to "know therefore and understand" (verse 25). See the Structures of these passages, pages 1196, 1198, 1199 in The Companion Bible. THE FIRST PERIOD. The seven sevens (or 49 years). These commence with "the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem". This was in the first month, Nisan, 454 B.C. (see Appendix 50, pages 60, 67, and 70 in The Companion Bible). Hanani's report to Nehemiah was made in the ninth month Chisleu, in 455 B.C., three months before; both months being in the "twentieth year of Artaxerxes". See notes on Nehemiah 1:1 and 2:1; also on pages 615-18; and Appendix 57. The ARTAXERXES (or Great King) of Nehemiah 1:1; 2:1, who issues this decree, is identified with the great king ASTYAGES. (See Appendix 57.) ASTYAGES was brother-in-law to Nebuchadnezzar. The madness of the latter had at this time lasted for seven years. ASTYAGES had evidently in imperial matters been acting for his brother-in-law. This seems to be clear from the fact that the decree was issued in Shushan, and not Babylon; and no one, however great a potentate he might be, would have dared to issue such a decree, connected with the affairs of the suzerainty of Babylon, unless he possessed the authority to do so. Therefore it may be put thus: In Nisan, 454 B.C., ASTYAGES (that is to say, Artaxerxes = the Great King) issued the decree spoken of in Daniel 9:25. Later, in the same year, Nebuchadnezzar's "madness" was lifted off him. "At the end of the days" his understanding and reason returned unto him, it seems, as suddenly as they had left him; and he thereupon issued his imperial proclamation throughout his dominions, as recorded in Daniel 4:34-37. See the note there on verse 34. The seven sevens therefore, meaning seven sevens of literal years, occupied 49 years (454 B.C. to 405 B.C. = 49 years). They began in 454 B.C. with the decree, and end with the completion of the walls and the dedication of the Temple in 405 B.C. See Ezra 6:10, 15-19. It must be remembered that the issuing of this decree took place long before Ezra appeared on the scene; and before any of the subsequent decrees of other monarchs, which all had to do with the Temple; whereas the first, issued to Nehemiah (2:1), had to do only with the "City" and its "walls". See the notes on Ezra-Nehemiah, and Appendix 58.³ THE SECOND PERIOD. The sixty-two sevens (or 434 years). These follow on directly from the end of the seven sevens of the First Period, and close with the cutting off of the Messiah. THE THIRD PERIOD. The last, or the seventieth seven. This period is yet future, and awaits the same literal fulfillment as the other two periods.
I.	The seven sevens, or 49 years.	483 years	490 years.
II.	The sixty‑two sevens, or 434 years.
III.	The one seven, or 7 years.
The terminus a quo of the whole period is the issuing of a decree "to restore and to build (or rather, rebuild) Jerusalem." The terminus ad quem of the whole period is the cleansing of the Sanctuary. This is also the end of all the visions of Daniel in chapters 7—12 (Appendix 89); and all the numbered "days" of 7:25; 8:14; and 12:7, 11, 12, have this cleansing as their object and end. ____________________________